The salon (from the Italian word salone, the large reception
hall of Italian mansions) was an Italian invention of the
16th century. Gatherings of the social, political, and
cultural elites for the exchange of ideas, salons appeared
in France in 1664 where they flourished throughout the
17th and 18th centuries. Salon sociability quickly spread
through Europe and, in the 18th and 19th centuries, many
large cities in Europe had salons copied on the Parisian
models.
A feature that distinguished the salon from the royal
court was its absence of social hierarchy and its mixing
of different social ranks and orders. The salons also encouraged
socializing between the sexes.
The salon evolved into a well-regulated
practice that focused on and reflected enlightened public
opinion by encouraging the exchange of news and ideas.
By the mid-eighteenth century the salon had become a
major channel of communication among intellectuals. The
salon brought Parisian society, the progressive philosophes
who were producing the Encyclopédie,
the Bluestockings and other intellectuals together to engage
in the project of enlightenment.
At a time when society was defined
and regulated by men, women could exert a powerful influence
as salonnières.
Women had a very important role in the salon and were the
center of its life. They were responsible for selecting
their guests and deciding whether the salon would be primarily
social, literary, or political.
From 1800 on in Germany, the salon allowed Jewish women
to establish a venue in their homes in which Jews and non-Jews
could meet in relative equality. Like-minded people could
study art, literature, philosophy or music together. Jewish
salonieres created a radical vehicle for democratisation,
providing a context in which patrons and artists freely
exchanged ideas. Eventually, salons performed political
and social miracles.
As well, some 19th century salons were
more inclusive, verging on the raffish, and centered
around painters and “literary
lions”.